Making Tofu

What does making tofu have to do with raising chickens? Nothing directly, except that chickens love homemade tofu as much as I do. They also go nuts over okara, a byproduct of making tofu. So do the dogs. Okara is the soybean solids left after squeezing out the soymilk. The soymilk is what is used for making tofu, but okara is an incredible food on its own. It makes fluffy, moist muffins, delicious pancakes and waffles, mixed with ground beef it makes mouthwatering croquettes, or is delicious on its own with a little ginger and soy sauce.

The basics of making tofu are crushing soybeans into a slurry, bringing the slurry to boil, squeezing out the soy milk, heating the soy milk, adding nigari to the soy milk to make it curdle, and then pressing the resulting curds into a block.

I recently learned that a farm on San Juan Island, San Juan Island Sea Salt, is making salt from sea water, and when I heard that, I knew that they also had to be making nigari because nigari is a byproduct of making sea salt. Basically, nigari is what is left when you take the salt out of seawater. It is also called bittern, and is mostly magnesium chloride. Nigari is very bitter. When you taste it, it is so bitter it feels like you are stabbing your tongue with needles. And yet, with their nigari, I detected a sweetness behind the extreme bitterness.

San Juan Island Sea Salt was very gracious to send me a sample of their nigari. When the sample arrived Saturday morning, I made a batch of tofu in the afternoon and was very pleased with the result. Their nigari is a wonderful product and it’s great to know I have a local source for nigari. The pictures below are ones I took of the process when I made tofu this afternoon. If you need more detailed information about making tofu, feel free to contact me.

TofuStep01-soybeans
TofuStep02-soybeans
TofuStep03-soybeans
TofuStep04-soybeans
TofuStep05-soybeans
TofuStep06-soybeans
TofuStep07-soybeans
TofuStep08-soybeans
TofuStep09-soybeans
TofuStep10-soybeans
TofuStep11-soybeans
TofuStep12-soybeans
TofuStep13-soymilk
TofuStep14-okara
TofuStep15-heating-soymilk
TofuStep16-nigari
TofuStep17-nigari
TofuStep18-heatedsoymilk
TofuStep19-addingnigari
TofuStep20-tofucurdling
TofuStep21-tofucurdling
TofuStep22-tofucurdling
TofuStep23-curdledsoymilk
TofuStep24-tofumold
TofuStep25-tofumoldcheesecloth
TofuStep26-bottomofmold
TofuStep27-bottomofmold
TofuStep29-bodyofmold
TofuStep30-ladlecurds
TofuStep31-ladlecurdsintomold
TofuStep32-ladlecurds
TofuStep33-covercurds
TofuStep34-putontopofmold
TofuStep35-presstofu
TofuStep36-bowlofwater
TofuStep37-pressedtofu
TofuStep38-removemold
TofuStep39-puttofuinwater
TofuStep40-cuttofu
TofuStep42-tofuready

Things to watch out for:

  • If possible, use pure non-chlorinated water to soak the beans and make the slurry. Not an easy thing to do if you have public water. If you have a well with good water, count yourself lucky.
  • When bringing the crushed soy slurry to a boil, stir occasionally, and pay very close attention as it nears boiling as it expands greatly and will easily boil over.
  • Don’t boil the soy slurry mix long, a few minutes at most. If you boil it for a long time, it will not curdle as well – at least that has been my experience.

A Chick Grows Up

A Chick Grows Up
A Chick Grows Up

Words lack the capability to describe the love and care a mother hen showers on her chicks. You have to see it to understand how important mother hens are to chicks. Born at the end of November, the chick at 2 and a half months of age is nearly halfway to becoming an adult. At times, she ventures out on her own, but she still spends much of the day with her mother, and roosts with her at night. This is what humanely raised chicken looks like. The chick is 13 weeks old now. You can scarcely find a chicken that has enjoyed life so long in your supermarket. You certainly won’t find any that have had the joy of being raised by a mother. At a man and a hoe, that is the only kind of chicken I raise.

November 30, 2013
November 30, 2013
December 8, 2013
December 8, 2013
December 8, 2013
December 8, 2013
December 10, 2013
December 10, 2013
December 11, 2013
December 11, 2013
December 18, 2013
December 18, 2013
December 26, 2013
December 26, 2013
January 1, 2014
January 1, 2014
January 11, 2014
January 11, 2014
January 19, 2014
January 19, 2014
February 14, 2014
February 14, 2014
February 14, 2014
February 14, 2014
February 14, 2014
February 14, 2014

Billy

Billy the rooster
Billy

It takes both a rooster and a hen to create a chick. Just in the US, some 9,000,000,000 chickens are raised each year for meat. Which means that hidden from view there are millions of roosters and hens kept to pump out fertile eggs. Artificial insemination is not used much in the chicken industry. According to Marian Stamp Dawkins, Professor of Animal Behaviour, University of Oxford and Emeritus Fellow in Biological Sciences, Sommerville College, Oxford:

In commercial production, breeders are usually fed very restricted rations to prevent them from becoming overweight, obese and infertile, sometimes only 25-40% of the food they would eat if they could.

In other words, breeding hens and roosters are kept on starvation diets to keep them from becoming too fat. If they get too fat, they can’t physically breed! Imagine how you would feel if you could only eat a quarter of what you would like to eat.

However, this certainly is not what happens at a man and a hoe. The heritage breeds I raise don’t over eat. They won’t stay in one place and eat nonstop like the broiler breeds most chicken farmers raise. I could dump out a whole bag of grain and feed, and the chickens here will eat their fill and move on, leaving much of the grain and feed untouched. They have better things to do than sit around all day and stuff their faces. With acres of pasture and forest to explore, they would rather be outside enjoying the sunshine, courting, chasing small birds, and finding fat earthworms to savor.

Billy is a special rooster. The first rooster at a man and his hoe. He is now five years old and is starting to show his age. He’s survived an encounter with a raccoon, when he bravely kept a raccoon from getting the hens. He’s battled with younger roosters challenging his dominant position. Over the years he’s broken a toe, and after battles with younger roosters, hobbled around while he healed. But he’s still the king of the flock and has two inch long spurs to prove it. He’s very gentle with the hens and is the favorite rooster of many of the hens.

So when you buy chicken or eggs from me, rest assured that there are no starving breeding roosters and hens used in the process. All of the chickens here have very full lives, spending most of their time outdoors, and get to eat whenever they want.

Edible Recycled Chicken Manure

Reincarnated Chicken Manure
Reincarnated Chicken Manure

So what happens to chicken manure when it is reincarnated? It turns into edible wonders, like these over wintering onions I pulled this morning. Most chicken farmers get rid of their egg laying hens by the time they have gone through two egg laying seasons. However, on the micro scale that I operate, the manure these older hens is as valuable as the eggs they lay. I’ve had hens live more than seven years. Billy, the oldest rooster, is five years old this year.
Eight week old chicks with mother
Eight Week Old Chicks

The chicks born on December 19 are 8 weeks old now. They are still spending their days and nights with their mother. Most commercial broiler chickens are in the supermarket by 8 weeks of age. These chicks are still having the time of their lives foraging for food with their mother. Here, they are digging for earthworms next to a compost pile.

Much Ado About?

Subway has responded to a petition started by Food Babe’s Vani Hari to remove azodicarbonamide, a dough conditioner, from Subway breads. Subway isn’t the only company to use this additive. You’ll find it in McDonalds bread, Wonder Bread, in the bread products of many many other companies, yoga mats, shoe rubber and synthetic leather. The additive is banned in Europe and other places. Europe even bans using it in plastics which come into contact with food. The FDA considers use of azodicarbonamide as safe to use in human food. Does the FDA consider people living in the USA to be more resilient to substances considered toxic in other countries?

But maybe this notion of eating anything the FDA considers as safe isn’t the way to think of eating food. Instead of asking, “Is this safe?”, we should be asking, “Is this good? Will it make us better? Will it be something that nourishes us?” Food isn’t something we eat to improve the profit margins of corporations. Food is something we eat to give us joy, energy, and nourish us. Food is a gift we give ourselves. It should all be good, fantastic, delicious, not merely safe.

I’m baffled by all the ingredients companies put in their bread products. Below is a list of the ingredients you’ll find in Subway’s Nine-Grain Bread, a MacDonalds Big-Mac Bun, and the bread I often bake at home. Wouldn’t it be much easier to make bread out of as few ingredients as possible? And why is there any need to use preservatives in the bread of fast food companies? In the case of Subway bread, it’s eaten within minutes, hours at the most of baking. Why add Calcium Propionate and/or Sodium Propionate at all?

Subway 9-Grain Wheat Bread

  • Enriched wheat flour (wheat flour, malted barley flour, niacin, iron, thiamine mononitrate, riboflavin, folic acid)
  • water
  • yeast
  • whole wheat flour
  • sugar
  • wheat gluten
  • oat fiber
  • soybean oil
  • wheat bran
  • salt
  • wheat
  • rye
  • yellow corn
  • oats
  • triticale
  • brown rice
  • barley
  • flaxseed
  • millet
  • sorghum
  • yeast nutrients (calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate, ammonium sulfate)
  • vitamin D2
  • dough conditioners
      DATEM
    • sodium stearoyl lactylate
    • potassium iodate
    • ascorbic acid
    • azodicarbonamide
  • caramel color
  • refinery syrup
  • honey
  • yeast extract
  • natural flavor
  • enzymes
MacDonalds Big Mac Bun

  • Enriched Flour (Bleached Wheat Flour, Malted Barley Flour, Niacin, Reduced Iron, Thiamin Mononitrate, Riboflavin, Folic Acid)
  • Water
  • High Fructose Corn Syrup and/or Sugar
  • Yeast
  • Soybean Oil and/or Canola Oil
  • Salt
  • Wheat Gluten
  • Calcium Sulfate
  • Calcium Carbonate
  • Ammonium Sulfate
  • Ammonium Chloride
  • Dough Conditioners (May Contain One or More of):
    • Sodium Stearoyl Lactylate
    • DATEM
    • Ascorbic Acid
    • Azodicarbonamide
    • Mono and Diglycerides
    • Ethoxylated Monoglycerides
    • Monocalcium Phosphate
    • Enzymes
    • Guar Gum
    • Calcium Peroxide
  • Sorbic Acid
  • Calcium Propionate and/or Sodium Propionate (Preservatives)
  • Soy Lecithin
  • Sesame Seed
My Bread

  • whole wheat flour
  • water
  • salt
  • yeast

Staying Warm

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Staying Warm
Staying Warm

These chicks are seven weeks and still have a ways to go before they are independent. Many broiler chicks have already been butchered by the time they are this old, and most only have another week or two before they are off to market. These heritage breed mix chicks are many months away from the dinner table.
Staying Warm
Staying Warm

Edison Bird Festival

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It’s early February – time for Edison’s Annual Bird Festival in the one and only village of Edison, Washington.

Edison Bird Festival
Edison Bird Festival

Where else in the world is there a festival which rollerbladers dressed as chickens racing down the main drag? It’s a short two and a half block long race and what a blast.
Edison Bird Festival
Edison Bird Festival

After the race, it’s time for the “Be the Chicken!” Chicken Parade. Many people bring their chickens and walk them, carry them, pull them in carts through town.
Edison Bird Festival
Edison Bird Festival

It was cold, clear day, perfect weather for a winter festival. If you missed it this year, make plans now to be in Edison next February.
Edison Bird Festival
Edison Bird Festival

Guard Dogs

Guard dog
Guard Dog

If you are planning on having chickens roam free, it makes a big difference if you have guard dogs. Good ones will detect coyotes venturing too close, chase off raccoons, hunt down opossums, and keep the hawks and eagles away.

Our two guard dogs are fearless. Working as a team, they chase coyotes far off into the woods. The chickens get along with the dogs so well that some of the chickens lay eggs in their dog houses. The dogs love that.

The dogs also sometimes break up roosters which get into a fight.

Good Food

Luscious Eggs
Luscious Eggs

Good food makes all the difference in the world. And when it comes to eggs, it’s impossible to produce good eggs by the millions. To produce an egg as round and bright as the sun, a hen needs good food, plenty of exercise, lots of time outdoors in the sun, fresh earthworms, bugs, field mice, grass, seeds, berries, in other words, a rich and varied diet. She needs to be able to gossip with other hens, cavort with roosters, run through the woods and pasture and have a great time.

It’s not possible to do this on an industrial scale. Once you start crowding hens together, the quality of their eggs drops precipitously. But the industrial food producers don’t care about the quality of the eggs they sell. They won’t tell you the date they gathered the eggs they are selling. They won’t let you see the insides of their farms. Imagine that, a farmer who won’t let you see how they produce the food they expect you to eat. In fact, many of these industrial farmers want to make it a crime to show the public how they operate! They want to label as terrorists those who show people how their food is produced! How radical an idea is that? See Ag-gag laws. They only care about their profit margins. So hardly anyone ever gets to savor the texture and flavor of these full bodied eggs. It’s your food. You are the one putting it in your mouth. You have every right to know precisely how your food was made.

When you cook with these luscious eggs, the difference is startling. They fluff up easily. They make billowy soufflés which never fail. Fried eggs which taste rich and creamy without any salt.

But we live in a system which is consumed with making things as cheaply as possible, not with making things as good as possible. As a result, most people have no idea how spectacular a thing as simple as a chicken egg can be. And in an economy when everything is treated as a commodity, the individual differences between eggs is not allowed to be recognized. As far as the industrial food producer is concerned, one egg is the same as every other egg, and the eggs which cost the least are the best. But you and I know that this is as far from the truth as possible.

You won’t find eggs like this in the supermarket. You need to go find a local farmer who is as fanatical about the care and happiness of his chickens as you are. That’s where you’ll find perfect eggs.

perfect eggs
Perfect Eggs

A Cold Day Doesn’t Stop These Chickens

Chickens on a late afternoon
Late afternoon

This was taken this evening, looking out from the door to the chicken yard. It’s a cold day, barely above freezing, but that doesn’t stop the chickens from venturing far and wide.

The New York Times had an article today titled The Seeds of a New Generation by Michael Moss, describing corn farmers in the Corn Belt who are starting a movement by turning part of their corn fields into fruit and vegetable fields. According to the article:

The success of this movement, still in its toddler stage, could affect more than just the farmers. Field corn, bolstered by subsidies and corporate research, now dominates American agriculture and constitutes much of what we eat in processed foods. A turn toward locally grown produce would lessen the dependency on California (now plagued by drought), slash carbon emissions from trucking, make produce available to more people, increase its appeal through freshness and perhaps even lower prices.

These farmers are finding they can earn much more per acre growing fruits and vegetables than they can growing corn.